View source for Algorithm Implementation/Geometry/Convex hull/Monotone chain

[[File:Animation depicting the Monotone algorithm.gif|thumb|Animation depicting the Monotone convex hull algorithm]]
'''Andrew's monotone chain convex hull algorithm''' constructs the [[w:Convex Hull|convex hull]] of
a set of 2-dimensional points in <math>O(n \log n)</math> time.

It does so by first sorting the points lexicographically (first by ''x''-coordinate, and in case of a tie, by ''y''-coordinate), and then constructing upper and lower hulls of the points in <math>O(n)</math> time.

An upper hull is the part of the convex hull, which is visible from the above. It runs from its rightmost point to the leftmost point in counterclockwise order. Lower hull is the remaining part of the convex hull.

[[File:UpperAndLowerConvexHulls.png|thumb|Upper and lowers hulls of a set of points]]
== Pseudo-code ==
<pre>

Input: a list P of points in the plane.

Precondition: There must be at least 3 points.

Sort the points of P by x-coordinate (in case of a tie, sort by y-coordinate).

Initialize U and L as empty lists.
The lists will hold the vertices of upper and lower hulls respectively.

for i = 1, 2, ..., n:
    while L contains at least two points and the sequence of last two points
            of L and the point P[i] does not make a counter-clockwise turn:
        remove the last point from L
    append P[i] to L

for i = n, n-1, ..., 1:
    while U contains at least two points and the sequence of last two points
            of U and the point P[i] does not make a counter-clockwise turn:
        remove the last point from U
    append P[i] to U

Remove the last point of each list (it's the same as the first point of the other list).
Concatenate L and U to obtain the convex hull of P.
Points in the result will be listed in counter-clockwise order.
</pre>

== Fortran ==
Note that this implementation works on sorted input points. The algorithm is array based.
<syntaxhighlight lang="fortran">

FUNCTION Cross(v1,v2,v3)
! IMPLICIT VARIABLE HANDLING
IMPLICIT NONE
!-----------------------------------------------
! INPUT VARIABLES
REAL,INTENT(IN) :: v1(2)    !< input vector 1
REAL,INTENT(IN) :: v2(2)    !< input vector 2
REAL,INTENT(IN) :: v3(2)    !< input vector 3
!-----------------------------------------------
! OUTPUT VARIABLES
REAL            :: Cross    !< cross product
!-----------------------------------------------
! LOCAL VARIABLES
!===============================================
Cross=(v2(1)-v1(1))*(v3(2)-v1(2))-(v2(2)-v1(2))*(v3(1)-v1(1))
END FUNCTION Cross

SUBROUTINE ConvHull(nPoints,Points,nHull,Hull)
! IMPLICIT VARIABLE HANDLING
IMPLICIT NONE 
!------------------------------------------------
! INPUT VARIABLES
INTEGER,INTENT(IN)  :: nPoints
REAL,INTENT(IN)     :: Points(2,0:nPoints-1)
!------------------------------------------------
! OUTPUT VARIABLES
INTEGER,INTENT(OUT) :: nHull
! NOTE: allocate Hull always one point greater than Points, because we save the first value twice
REAL,INTENT(OUT)    :: Hull(2,0:nPoints)
!------------------------------------------------
! LOCAL VARIABLES
REAL                :: Lower(2,0:nPoints-1)
REAL                :: Upper(2,0:nPoints-1)
INTEGER             :: i,iLower,iUpper
!================================================
IF(nPoints.LE.1)THEN
  Hull  = Points
  nHull = nPoints
ELSE
  iLower = 0
  Lower  = -HUGE(1.)
  DO i=0,nPoints-1
    DO WHILE(iLower.GE.2.AND.Cross(Lower(:,iLower-2),Lower(:,iLower-1),Points(:,i)).LE.0.)
      Lower(:,iLower) = -HUGE(1.)
      iLower          = iLower - 1
    END DO
    Lower(:,iLower) = Points(:,i)
    iLower = iLower + 1
  END DO

  iUpper = 0
  Upper  = HUGE(1.)
  DO i=nPoints-1,0,-1
    DO WHILE(iUpper.GE.2.AND.Cross(Upper(:,iUpper-2),Upper(:,iUpper-1),Points(:,i)).LE.0.)
      Upper(:,iUpper) = HUGE(1.)
      iUpper          = iUpper - 1
    END DO
    Upper(:,iUpper) = Points(:,i)
    iUpper = iUpper + 1
  END DO

  iLower = iLower-1
  iUpper = iUpper-1
  nHull  = iLower+iUpper+1
  
  ! NOTE: Initialize Hull with zeros
  Hull   = 0.

  ! NOTE: save values in Hull
  Hull(:,0     :iLower       -1) = Lower(:,0:iLower-1)
  Hull(:,iLower:iLower+iUpper-1) = Upper(:,0:iUpper-1)

  ! NOTE: save first value twice
  Hull(:,       iLower+iUpper  ) = Hull (:,0         )
END IF

END SUBROUTINE 

</syntaxhighlight>

== JavaScript ==
<syntaxhighlight lang="javascript">
function cross(a, b, o) {
   return (a[0] - o[0]) * (b[1] - o[1]) - (a[1] - o[1]) * (b[0] - o[0])
}

/**
 * @param points An array of [X, Y] coordinates
 */
function convexHull(points) {
   points.sort(function(a, b) {
      return a[0] == b[0] ? a[1] - b[1] : a[0] - b[0];
   });

   var lower = [];
   for (var i = 0; i < points.length; i++) {
      while (lower.length >= 2 && cross(lower[lower.length - 2], lower[lower.length - 1], points[i]) <= 0) {
         lower.pop();
      }
      lower.push(points[i]);
   }

   var upper = [];
   for (var i = points.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
      while (upper.length >= 2 && cross(upper[upper.length - 2], upper[upper.length - 1], points[i]) <= 0) {
         upper.pop();
      }
      upper.push(points[i]);
   }

   upper.pop();
   lower.pop();
   return lower.concat(upper);
}
</syntaxhighlight>

== Java ==
<syntaxhighlight lang="java">
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;

class Point implements Comparable<Point> {
	int x, y;

	public int compareTo(Point p) {
		if (this.x == p.x) {
			return this.y - p.y;
		} else {
			return this.x - p.x;
		}
	}

	public String toString() {
		return "(" + x + "," + y + ")";
	}

}

public class ConvexHull {

	public static long cross(Point O, Point A, Point B) {
		return (A.x - O.x) * (long) (B.y - O.y) - (A.y - O.y) * (long) (B.x - O.x);
	}

	public static Point[] convex_hull(Point[] P) {

		if (P.length > 1) {
			int n = P.length, k = 0;
			Point[] H = new Point[2 * n];

			Arrays.sort(P);

			// Build lower hull
			for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
				while (k >= 2 && cross(H[k - 2], H[k - 1], P[i]) <= 0)
					k--;
				H[k++] = P[i];
			}

			// Build upper hull
			for (int i = n - 2, t = k + 1; i >= 0; i--) {
				while (k >= t && cross(H[k - 2], H[k - 1], P[i]) <= 0)
					k--;
				H[k++] = P[i];
			}
			if (k > 1) {
				H = Arrays.copyOfRange(H, 0, k - 1); // remove non-hull vertices after k; remove k - 1 which is a duplicate
			}
			return H;
		} else if (P.length <= 1) {
			return P;
		} else {
			return null;
		}
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

		BufferedReader f = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("hull.in")); 	// "hull.in"  Input Sample => size x y x y x y x y
		StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(f.readLine());
		Point[] p = new Point[Integer.parseInt(st.nextToken())];
		for (int i = 0; i < p.length; i++) {
			p[i] = new Point();
			p[i].x = Integer.parseInt(st.nextToken()); // Read X coordinate 
			p[i].y = Integer.parseInt(st.nextToken()); // Read y coordinate
		}
		
		Point[] hull = convex_hull(p).clone();
		
		for (int i = 0; i < hull.length; i++) {
			if (hull[i] != null)
				System.out.print(hull[i]);
		}
	}

}

</syntaxhighlight>

== Python ==
<syntaxhighlight lang="python">
def convex_hull(points):
    """Computes the convex hull of a set of 2D points.

    Input: an iterable sequence of (x, y) pairs representing the points.
    Output: a list of vertices of the convex hull in counter-clockwise order,
      starting from the vertex with the lexicographically smallest coordinates.
    Implements Andrew's monotone chain algorithm. O(n log n) complexity.
    """

    # Sort the points lexicographically (tuples are compared lexicographically).
    # Remove duplicates to detect the case we have just one unique point.
    points = sorted(set(points))

    # Boring case: no points or a single point, possibly repeated multiple times.
    if len(points) <= 1:
        return points

    # 2D cross product of OA and OB vectors, i.e. z-component of their 3D cross product.
    # Returns a positive value, if OAB makes a counter-clockwise turn,
    # negative for clockwise turn, and zero if the points are collinear.
    def cross(o, a, b):
        return (a[0] - o[0]) * (b[1] - o[1]) - (a[1] - o[1]) * (b[0] - o[0])

    # Build lower hull 
    lower = []
    for p in points:
        while len(lower) >= 2 and cross(lower[-2], lower[-1], p) <= 0:
            lower.pop()
        lower.append(p)

    # Build upper hull
    upper = []
    for p in reversed(points):
        while len(upper) >= 2 and cross(upper[-2], upper[-1], p) <= 0:
            upper.pop()
        upper.append(p)

    # Concatenation of the lower and upper hulls gives the convex hull.
    # Last point of each list is omitted because it is repeated at the beginning of the other list. 
    return lower[:-1] + upper[:-1]

# Example: convex hull of a 10-by-10 grid.
assert convex_hull([(i//10, i%10) for i in range(100)]) == [(0, 0), (9, 0), (9, 9), (0, 9)]
</syntaxhighlight>

== Ruby ==
<syntaxhighlight lang="ruby">
# the python code converted to ruby syntax
def convex_hull(points)
  points.sort!.uniq!
  return points if points.length <= 3
  def cross(o, a, b)
    (a[0] - o[0]) * (b[1] - o[1]) - (a[1] - o[1]) * (b[0] - o[0])
  end
  lower = Array.new
  points.each{|p|
    while lower.length > 1 and cross(lower[-2], lower[-1], p) <= 0 do lower.pop end
    lower.push(p)
  }
  upper = Array.new
  points.reverse_each{|p|
    while upper.length > 1 and cross(upper[-2], upper[-1], p) <= 0 do upper.pop end
    upper.push(p)
  }
  return lower[0...-1] + upper[0...-1]
end
fail unless convex_hull((0..9).to_a.repeated_permutation(2).to_a) == [[0, 0], [9, 0], [9, 9], [0, 9]]
</syntaxhighlight>

== C++ ==
<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
// Implementation of Andrew's monotone chain 2D convex hull algorithm.
// Asymptotic complexity: O(n log n).
// Practical performance: 0.5-1.0 seconds for n=1000000 on a 1GHz machine.
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

typedef double coord_t;         // coordinate type
typedef double coord2_t;  // must be big enough to hold 2*max(|coordinate|)^2

struct Point {
	coord_t x, y;

	bool operator <(const Point &p) const {
		return x < p.x || (x == p.x && y < p.y);
	}
};

// 3D cross product of OA and OB vectors, (i.e z-component of their "2D" cross product, but remember that it is not defined in "2D").
// Returns a positive value, if OAB makes a counter-clockwise turn,
// negative for clockwise turn, and zero if the points are collinear.
coord2_t cross(const Point &O, const Point &A, const Point &B)
{
	return (A.x - O.x) * (B.y - O.y) - (A.y - O.y) * (B.x - O.x);
}

// Returns a list of points on the convex hull in counter-clockwise order.
// Note: the last point in the returned list is the same as the first one.
vector<Point> convex_hull(vector<Point> P)
{
	size_t n = P.size(), k = 0;
	if (n <= 3) return P;
	vector<Point> H(2*n);

	// Sort points lexicographically
	sort(P.begin(), P.end());

	// Build lower hull
	for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
		while (k >= 2 && cross(H[k-2], H[k-1], P[i]) <= 0) k--;
		H[k++] = P[i];
	}

	// Build upper hull
	for (size_t i = n-1, t = k+1; i > 0; --i) {
		while (k >= t && cross(H[k-2], H[k-1], P[i-1]) <= 0) k--;
		H[k++] = P[i-1];
	}

	H.resize(k-1);
	return H;
}
</syntaxhighlight>

== Perl ==
<syntaxhighlight lang="perl">
use Sort::Key::Radix qw(nkeysort); # use radix sort for an O(n) algorithm

sub convex_hull {
    return @_ if @_ < 2;

    my @p = nkeysort { $_->[0] } @_;

    my (@u, @l);
    my $i = 0;
    while ($i < @p) {
        my $iu = my $il = $i;
        my ($x, $yu) = @{$p[$i]};
        my $yl = $yu;
        # search for upper and lower Y for the current X
        while (++$i < @p and $p[$i][0] == $x) {
            my $y = $p[$i][1];
            if ($y < $yl) {
                $il = $i;
                $yl = $y;
            }
            elsif ($y > $yu) {
                $iu = $i;
                $yu = $y;
            }
        }
        while (@l >= 2) {
            my ($ox, $oy) = @{$l[-2]};
            last if ($l[-1][1] - $oy) * ($x - $ox) < ($yl - $oy) * ($l[-1][0] - $ox);
            pop @l;
        }
        push @l, $p[$il];
        while (@u >= 2) {
            my ($ox, $oy) = @{$u[-2]};
            last if ($u[-1][1] - $oy) * ($x - $ox) > ($yu - $oy) * ($u[-1][0] - $ox);
            pop @u;
        }
        push @u, $p[$iu];
    }

    # remove points from the upper hull extremes when they are already
    # on the lower hull:
    shift @u if $u[0][1] == $l[0][1];
    pop @u if @u and $u[-1][1] == $l[-1][1];

    return (@l, reverse @u);
}

</syntaxhighlight>

== C ==
C sources taken from the Math::ConvexHull::MonotoneChain Perl module. Note that this implementation works on sorted input points. Otherwise, it's rather similar to the C++ implementation above.

<syntaxhighlight lang="C">
typedef struct {
  double x;
  double y;
} point_t;

typedef point_t* point_ptr_t;

/* Three points are a counter-clockwise turn if ccw > 0, clockwise if
 * ccw < 0, and collinear if ccw = 0 because ccw is a determinant that
 * gives the signed area of the triangle formed by p1, p2 and p3.
 */
static double
ccw(point_t* p1, point_t* p2, point_t* p3)
{
  return (p2->x - p1->x)*(p3->y - p1->y) - (p2->y - p1->y)*(p3->x - p1->x);
}

/* Returns a list of points on the convex hull in counter-clockwise order.
 * Note: the last point in the returned list is the same as the first one.
 */
void
convex_hull(point_t* points, ssize_t npoints, point_ptr_t** out_hull, ssize_t* out_hullsize)
{
  point_ptr_t* hull;
  ssize_t i, t, k = 0;

  hull = *out_hull;

  /* lower hull */
  for (i = 0; i < npoints; ++i) {
    while (k >= 2 && ccw(hull[k-2], hull[k-1], &points[i]) <= 0) --k;
    hull[k++] = &points[i];
  }

  /* upper hull */
  for (i = npoints-2, t = k+1; i >= 0; --i) {
    while (k >= t && ccw(hull[k-2], hull[k-1], &points[i]) <= 0) --k;
    hull[k++] = &points[i];
  }

  *out_hull = hull;
  *out_hullsize = k;
}
</syntaxhighlight>

== Haskell ==

<syntaxhighlight lang="haskell">
import Data.List (sort)

-- Coordinate type
type R = Double

-- Vector / point type
type R2 = (R, R)

-- Checks if it's shortest to rotate from the OA to the OB vector in a clockwise
-- direction.
clockwise :: R2 -> R2 -> R2 -> Bool
clockwise o a b = (a `sub` o) `cross` (b `sub` o) <= 0

-- 2D cross product.
cross :: R2 -> R2 -> R
cross (x1, y1) (x2, y2) = x1 * y2 - x2 * y1

-- Subtract two vectors.
sub :: R2 -> R2 -> R2
sub (x1, y1) (x2, y2) = (x1 - x2, y1 - y2)

-- Implements the monotone chain algorithm
convexHull :: [R2] -> [R2]
convexHull [] = []
convexHull [p] = [p]
convexHull points = lower ++ upper
  where
    sorted = sort points
    lower = chain sorted
    upper = chain (reverse sorted)

chain :: [R2] -> [R2]
chain = go []
  where
    -- The first parameter accumulates a monotone chain where the most recently
    -- added element is at the front of the list.
    go :: [R2] -> [R2] -> [R2]
    go acc@(r1:r2:rs) (x:xs) =
      if clockwise r2 r1 x
        -- Made a clockwise turn - remove the most recent part of the chain.
        then go (r2:rs) (x:xs)
        -- Made a counter-clockwise turn - append to the chain.
        else go (x:acc) xs
    -- If there's only one point in the chain, just add the next visited point.
    go acc (x:xs) = go (x:acc) xs
    -- No more points to consume - finished!  Note: the reverse here causes the
    -- result to be consistent with the other examples (a ccw hull), but
    -- removing that and using (upper ++ lower) above will make it cw.
    go acc [] = reverse $ tail acc

main :: IO ()
main =
    if result == expected
      then putStrLn "convexHull worked!"
      else fail $ "convexHull broken, got " ++ show result
  where
    result = convexHull [(x, y) | x <- [0..9], y <- [0..9]]
    expected = [(0, 0), (9, 0), (9, 9), (0, 9)]
</syntaxhighlight>

== Elixir ==

<syntaxhighlight lang="elixir ">
defmodule ConvexHull do
  @type coordinate :: {number, number}
  @type point_list :: [coordinate]

  @spec find(point_list) :: point_list
  def find(points) do
    sorted = points |> Enum.sort
    left = sorted |> do_half_calc
    right = sorted |> Enum.reverse |> do_half_calc
    [left, right] |> Enum.concat
  end

  @spec do_half_calc(point_list) :: point_list
  defp do_half_calc(points) do
    points
    |> Enum.reduce([], &add_to_convex_list/2)
    |> tl
    |> Enum.reverse
  end

  @spec perp_prod(coordinate, coordinate, coordinate) :: number
  defp perp_prod({x0, y0}, {x1, y1}, {x2, y2}) do
    (x1 - x0) * (y2 - y0) - (y1 - y0) * (x2 - x0) 
  end

  @spec add_to_convex_list(coordinate, point_list) :: point_list
  defp add_to_convex_list(p2, list) do
    {:ok, new_tail} =
      list
      |> stream_tails
      |> Stream.drop_while(fn tail -> oa_left_of_ob(p2, tail) end)
      |> Enum.fetch(0)
    [p2 | new_tail]
  end

  @spec oa_left_of_ob(coordinate, point_list) :: number
  defp oa_left_of_ob(b, [a, o | _]), do: perp_prod(o, a, b) <= 0
  defp oa_left_of_ob(_, _), do: false

  @spec stream_tails(point_list) :: Enum.t(point_list) 
  defp stream_tails(list) do
    tails = Stream.unfold(list, fn [_ | t] -> {t, t} end)
    Stream.concat([list], tails)
  end

end

ExUnit.start

defmodule ConvexHullStart do
  use ExUnit.Case, async: true

  @points for x <- 0..9, y <- 0..9, do: {x, y}

  test "finding the convex hull for all points (0,0) .. (9,9)" do
    assert ConvexHull.find(@points) == [{0, 0}, {9, 0}, {9, 9}, {0, 9}]
  end
end
</syntaxhighlight>

== Clojure ==

<syntaxhighlight lang="clojure">
(defn convex-hull
"The function convex-hull accepts a collection of vectors containing pairs of numbers
 which define the [x y] bounds of the polygon,
 e.g. [[0 0] [0 1] [0 2] [0 3]
       [1 0] [1 1] [1 2] [1 3]
       [2 0] [2 1] [2 2] [2 3] [2 4] [2 5] [2 6] [2 7] [2 8] [2 9]
       [3 0] [3 1] [3 2] [3 3]
       [4 0] [4 1] [4 2] [4 3] [4 4]
             [5 1]]

 When run on the above collection of points the output will be
   [[0 0] [0 3] [2 9] [4 4] [5 1] [4 0]]
             
 The input collection of vectors can be either a vector ( e.g. [[0 0] [1 1] [2 2]]) or a quoted sequence
 (e.g. '([0 0] [1 1] [2 2]) or (quote ([0 0] [1 1] [2 2])).
 
 The output collection will always be a vector of vectors (e.g. [[0 0] [0 9] [9 9] [9 0]]) which
 define the bounds of the convex hull."
  [c]
  (let [cc         (sort-by identity c)
        x          #(first %)    ; returns the 'x' coordinate from an [x y] vector
        y          #(second %)   ; returns the 'y' coordinate from an [x y] vector
        ccw        #(- (* (- (x %2) (x %1)) (- (y %3) (y %1))) (* (- (y %2) (y %1)) (- (x %3) (x %1)))) 
        half-hull  #(loop [h  [] ; returns the upper half-hull of the collection of vectors
                           c  %]
                      (if (not (empty? c))
                        (if (and (> (count h) 1) (<= 0 (ccw (h (- (count h) 2)) (h (- (count h) 1)) (first c))))
                          (recur (vec (butlast h)) c)
                          (recur (conj h (first c)) (rest c)))
                        h))
       upper-hull  (butlast (half-hull cc))
       lower-hull  (butlast (half-hull (reverse cc)))]
    (vec (concat upper-hull lower-hull ))))
</syntaxhighlight>

== Scala ==
<syntaxhighlight lang="scala">
import scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer
  
  def convexHull(points: ArrayBuffer[(Int, Int)]): ArrayBuffer[(Int, Int)] = {
    
    
    // 2D cross product of OA and OB vectors, i.e. z-component of their 3D cross product.
    // Returns a positive value, if OAB makes a counter-clockwise turn,
    // negative for clockwise turn, and zero if the points are collinear.
    def cross(o: (Int, Int), a: (Int, Int), b: (Int, Int)): Int = {
      (a._1 - o._1) * (b._2 - o._2) - (a._2 - o._2) * (b._1 - o._1)
    }
    
    val distinctPoints = points.distinct
    
    // No sorting needed if there are less than 2 unique points.
    if(distinctPoints.length < 2) {
      return points
    } else {
      
      val sortedPoints = distinctPoints.sorted
      
      // Build the lower hull
      val lower = ArrayBuffer[(Int, Int)]()
      for(i <- sortedPoints){
        while(lower.length >= 2 && cross(lower(lower.length - 2), lower(lower.length - 1) , i) <= 0){
          lower -= lower.last
        }
        lower += i
      }
      
      // Build the upper hull
      val upper = ArrayBuffer[(Int, Int)]()
      for(i <- sortedPoints.reverse){
        while(upper.size >= 2 && cross(upper(upper.length - 2), upper(upper.length - 1) , i) <= 0){
          upper -= upper.last
        }
        upper += i
      }
      
      // Last point of each list is omitted because it is repeated at the beginning of the other list.
      lower -= lower.last
      upper -= upper.last
      
      // Concatenation of the lower and upper hulls gives the convex hull
      return lower ++= upper
    }
  }
</syntaxhighlight>


== PHP ==
<syntaxhighlight lang="php">
$coords = [
    [
        'x' => <point_0_x>,
        'y' => <point_0_y>,
    ],
    [
        'x' => <point_1_x>,
        'y' => <point_1_y>,
    ],
    [
        'x' => <point_n_x>,
        'y' => <point_n_y>,
    ],
];

function orientation(array $coord1, array $coord2, array $coord3)
{
    return ($coord2['x'] - $coord1['x']) * ($coord3['y'] - $coord1['y']) - ($coord2['y'] - $coord1['y']) * ($coord3['x'] - $coord1['x']);
}

usort($coords, function ($a, $b) { return $a['x'] == $b['x'] ? $a['y'] - $b['y'] : $a['x'] - $b['x']; });

$upper_hulls = $lower_hulls = [];

foreach ($coords as $coord) {
    while (count($last_two = array_slice($lower_hulls, -2)) >= 2 && orientation($last_two[0], $last_two[1], $coord) <= 0) {
        array_pop($lower_hulls);
    }
    $lower_hulls[] = $coord;
}

foreach (array_reverse($coords) as $coord) {
    while (count($last_two = array_slice($upper_hulls, -2)) >= 2 && orientation($last_two[0], $last_two[1], $coord) <= 0) {
        array_pop($upper_hulls);
    }
    $upper_hulls[] = $coord;
}

array_pop($upper_hulls);
array_pop($lower_hulls);

return array_merge($upper_hulls, $lower_hulls);
</syntaxhighlight>

== Swift ==

<syntaxhighlight lang="swift">
import Foundation

public func cross(_ o: CGPoint, _ a: CGPoint, _ b: CGPoint) -> CGFloat {
    let lhs = (a.x - o.x) * (b.y - o.y)
    let rhs = (a.y - o.y) * (b.x - o.x)
    return lhs - rhs
}

/// Calculate and return the convex hull of a given sequence of points.
///
/// - Remark: Implements Andrew’s monotone chain convex hull algorithm.
///
/// - Complexity: O(*n* log *n*), where *n* is the count of `points`.
///
/// - Parameter points: A sequence of `CGPoint` elements.
///
/// - Returns: An array containing the convex hull of `points`, ordered
///   lexicographically from the smallest coordinates to the largest,
///   turning counterclockwise.
///
public func convexHull<Source>(_ points: Source) -> [CGPoint]
    where Source : Collection,
          Source.Element == CGPoint
{
    // Exit early if there aren’t enough points to work with.
    guard points.count > 1 else { return Array(points) }

    // Create storage for the lower and upper hulls.
    var lower = [CGPoint]()
    var upper = [CGPoint]()

    // Sort points in lexicographical order.
    let points = points.sorted { a, b in
        a.x < b.x || a.x == b.x && a.y < b.y
    }

    // Construct the lower hull.
    for point in points {
        while lower.count >= 2 {
            let a = lower[lower.count - 2]
            let b = lower[lower.count - 1]
            if cross(a, b, point) > 0 { break }
            lower.removeLast()
        }
        lower.append(point)
    }

    // Construct the upper hull.
    for point in points.lazy.reversed() {
        while upper.count >= 2 {
            let a = upper[upper.count - 2]
            let b = upper[upper.count - 1]
            if cross(a, b, point) > 0 { break }
            upper.removeLast()
        }
        upper.append(point)
    }

    // Remove each array’s last point, as it’s the same as the first point
    // in the opposite array, respectively.
    lower.removeLast()
    upper.removeLast()

    // Join the arrays to form the convex hull.
    return lower + upper
}
</syntaxhighlight>

==Racket==
<syntaxhighlight lang="racket">
#lang racket

; Monotone Chain method

; function calculates convex hull from
; unsorted association list of points P
(define (convex-hull P)
    ;
    ; given a set of points P, this function will
    ; recursively build an association list of points H
    ; that define half of the convex hull
    (define (half-hull P H passed-H)
        ; if there are no further points to add
        ; report the half-hull except for the last point
        (if (zero? (length P))
            (cdr H)
            ; if H is empty (the initial state)
            ; add the first two points from P
            (if (zero? (length H))
                (let ([H~ (list (cadr P) (car P))])
                    (half-hull (cddr P) H~ (list)))
                ; if we have run out of line segments in H to test
                ; include the candidate point and
                ; move on to the next point in P
                (if (= 1 (length H))
                    (let ([H~ (append (cons (car P) passed-H) H)])
                        (half-hull (cdr P) H~ (list)))
                    ; otherwise test the next line segment in H (p1 p2)
                    ; against the candidate point p~
                    (let* (
                        [p1  (cadr H)]
                        [p2  (car  H)]
                        [p~  (car  P)]
                        [x1  (x    p1)]
                        [y1  (y    p1)]
                        [x2  (x    p2)]
                        [y2  (y    p2)]
                        [x~  (x    p~)]
                        [y~  (y    p~)])
                        ; if it passes, move on to the next segment 
                        ; if it fails, delete the line segment
                        (if
                            (> (* (- y2 y1) (- x~ x1)) (* (- x2 x1) (- y~ y1)))
                            (half-hull P (cdr H) (append passed-H (list p2)))
                            (half-hull P (cdr H) passed-H)))))))
    ;
    ; body of convex-hull
    (if
        (= 1 (length P))
        P
        (let ([P~ (sort (sort P > #:key cdr) > #:key car)])
            (append
                (half-hull P~ (list) (list))
                (half-hull (reverse P~) (list) (list))))))
</syntaxhighlight>

==Julia==
<syntaxhighlight lang="julia">
function convex_hull(points)
    # Implements Andrew's monotone chain algorithm
    # Input: points - vector of tuples (x,y)
    # Ouput: the subset of points that define the convex hull

    # not enough points
    if length(points) <= 1
        return copy(points)
    end

    # sort the points by x and then by y
    points = sort(points)

    # function for calculating the cross product of vectors OA and OB
    cross(o, a, b) = (a[1] - o[1]) * (b[2] - o[2]) - (a[2] - o[2]) * (b[1] - o[1])

    # build lower hull
    lower = eltype(points)[]
    for p in points
        while length(lower) >= 2 && cross(lower[end-1], lower[end], p) <= 0
            pop!(lower)
        end
        push!(lower,p)
    end

    # build upper hull
    upper = eltype(points)[]
    for i in length(points):-1:1
        p = points[i]
        while length(upper) >= 2 && cross(upper[end-1], upper[end], p) <= 0
            pop!(upper)
        end
        push!(upper,p)
    end

    # concatenates lower hull to upper hull to obtain the convex hull
    vcat(lower[1:end-1], upper[1:end-1])
end

@assert convex_hull(map(x -> (div(x,10), mod(x,10)), 0:99)) == [(0, 0), (9, 0), (9, 9), (0, 9)]
</syntaxhighlight>

== Pascal ==
<syntaxhighlight lang="Pascal">
program MonotoneChain;
uses crt;
type TPoint = record
                x,y:Real;
              end;
     TFunc = function (a,b:TPoint):integer;
     TArray = array of TPoint;

function signedAreaOfParallelogram(O,A,B:TPoint):Real;
begin
  signedAreaOfParallelogram := (A.x - O.x)*(B.y - O.y) - (A.y - O.y)*(B.x - O.x);
end;

function monotoneChain(P:TArray;n:integer;var H:TArray):integer;
var k,i,t:integer;
begin
  if n > 3 then
  begin
    k := 0;
    for i := 0 to n - 1 do
    begin
      while (k >= 2)and(signedAreaOfParallelogram(H[k-2],H[k-1],P[i]) <= 0)do
        k := k - 1;
      H[k] := P[i];
      k := k + 1;
    end;
    t := k + 1;
    for i := n - 1 downto 1 do
    begin
      while(k >= t)and(signedAreaOfParallelogram(H[k-2],H[k-1],P[i-1]) <= 0)do
        k := k - 1;
      H[k] := P[i-1];
      k := k + 1;
    end;
    monotoneChain := k - 1;
  end
  else
      monotoneChain := n;
end;

function comparePoints(a,b:TPoint):integer;
var t:integer;
begin
  t := 1;
  if(a.x < b.x)or((a.x = b.x)and(a.y < b.y))then
        t := -1;
  if(a.x = b.x)and(a.y = b.y)then
        t := 0;
  comparePoints := t;
end;

procedure quicksort(var A:TArray;l,r:integer;cmp:TFunc);
var i,j:integer;
    x,w:TPoint;
begin
  i := l;
  j := r;
  x := A[(l+r)div 2];
  repeat
     while cmp(A[i],x) < 0 do i := i + 1;
     while cmp(x,A[j]) < 0 do j := j - 1;
     if i <= j then
     begin
       w := A[i];
       A[i] := A[j];
       A[j] := w;
       i := i + 1;
       j := j - 1;
     end
     until i > j;
     if l < j then quicksort(A,l,j,cmp);
     if i < r then quicksort(A,i,r,cmp)
end;

var esc:char;
    k,m,n:integer;
    P,H:TArray;
BEGIN
  clrscr;
  repeat
     repeat
       writeln('How many points you want to read');
       readln(n);
     until n >= 0;
     SetLength(P,n);
     SetLength(H,n);
     for k := 0 to n-1 do
     begin
       write('P[',k,']=');
       readln(P[k].x,P[k].y);
     end;
     writeln;
     if n > 0 then
        quicksort(P,0,n-1,@comparePoints);
     m := monotoneChain(P,n,H);
     writeln('Array of sorted points');
     for k := 0 to n-1 do
        write('(',P[k].x:1:6,',',P[k].y:1:6,') ');
     writeln;
     writeln;
     writeln('Points on the hull');
     for k := 0 to m-1 do
        write('(',H[k].x:1:6,',',H[k].y:1:6,') ');
     writeln;
     writeln;
     esc := readkey;
  until esc = #27;
END.

</syntaxhighlight>

== References ==
* De Berg, van Kreveld, Overmars, Schwarzkopf. Computational Geometry: Algorithms and Applications. 2nd edition, Springer-Verlag. {{ISBN|3540656200}}.
* Dan Sunday. [http://softsurfer.com/Archive/algorithm_0109/algorithm_0109.htm The Convex Hull of a 2D Point Set or Polygon]. ([http://www.webcitation.org/5uY0uFNqR archived copy] by webcite)
* A. M. Andrew, "Another Efficient Algorithm for Convex Hulls in Two Dimensions", Info. Proc. Letters 9, 216-219 (1979).

{{BookCat}}