General Chemistry/Useful Equations

General

Density:

\frac{m a s s}{v o l u m e}

Moles:

\frac{g i v e n m a s s (g)}{g r a m f o r m u l a m a s s}

Percent Error:

\frac{m e a s u r e d - a c c e p t e d}{a c c e p t e d} \times 100 %

Percent Composition (by mass):

\frac{m a s s o f p a r t}{m a s s o f w h o l e} \times 100 %

Molarity:

\frac{m o l e s o f s o l u t e}{v o l u m e o f s o l u t i o n}

Template:W:

\frac{m o l e s o f s o l u t e}{m a s s o f s o l v e n t i n k g}

Rate of Reaction:

\frac{D i f f e r e n c e i n q u a n t i t y}{D i f f e r e n c e i n t i m e}

de Broglie's law:

λ

=

\frac{h}{m v}

Atomic Structure

Symbol	Meaning	Symbol	Meaning
$E$	energy	$c$	speed of light
$v$	frequency	$λ$	wavelength
$Q$	charge	$r$	distance
$k_{e}$	Coulomb's constant	$h$	Plank's constant H/nkne

Energy of Wave:

E = h v

Wave Relation:

c = λ v

Coulomb's Law:

F_{e} = k_{e} \frac{Q_{1} Q_{2}}{r^{2}}

Solutions, Liquids, Gases

Symbol	Meaning
$P$	pressure
$V$	volume
$n$	number of moles
$T$	temperature (in Kelvin)
$K_{f}$	molal freezing point constant
$K_{b}$	molal boiling point constant
$χ$	mole fraction
$m$	molality
$M$	molarity
$c$	specific heat capacity
$M_{w}$	mass of water (Kg)
$E_{h}$	heat energy released

Rauolt's Law:

P_{s o l u t i o n} = P_{1} χ_{1} + P_{2} χ_{2} + \dots

Boiling Point Elevation:

Δ T_{s o l u t i o n} = K_{b} \cdot m_{s o l u t e}

Freezing Point Depression:

Δ T_{s o l u t i o n} = K_{f} \cdot m_{s o l u t e}

Ideal Gas Law:

P V = n R T

Combined Gas Law:

\frac{P_{1} V_{1}}{n_{1} T_{1}} = \frac{P_{2} V_{2}}{n_{2} T_{2}}

Titration:

M_{A} V_{A} = M_{B} V_{B}

Dilution:

M_{1} V_{1} = M_{2} V_{2}

Heat released by burning:

E_{h} = c M_{w} Δ T

Equilibrium

Symbol	Meaning
$K_{e q}$	equilibrium constant (general)
$K_{p}$	pressure equilibrium constant
$K_{c}$	concentration equilibrium constant
$R$	gas law constant
$T$	temperature (in Kelvin)
$Δ n$	moles of product – moles of reactant

pH:

p H = - \log [H^{+}]

pOH:

p O H = - \log [O H^{-}]

(for water):

p H + p O H = 14

Pressure/Concentration:

K_{p} = K_{c} (R T)^{Δ n}

Equilibrium, for a reaction $a A + b B \to c C + d D$ :

K_{e q} = \frac{[C]^{c} [D]^{d}}{[A]^{a} [B]^{b}}

Thermochemistry

Symbol	Meaning
$q$	heat energy
$m$	mass
$c$	specific heat
$T$	temperature (in Kelvin)
$S$	entropy
$H$	enthalpy
$G$	Gibbs free energy

Heat Transfer:

q = m c Δ T

Enthalpy:

Δ H = H_{p r o d u c t s} - H_{r e a c t a n t s}

Entropy:

Δ S = S_{p r o d u c t s} - S_{r e a c t a n t s}

Free Energy:

Δ G = Δ H - T Δ S

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General Chemistry/Useful Equations

Contents

General

Atomic Structure

Solutions, Liquids, Gases

Equilibrium

Thermochemistry

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General Chemistry/Useful Equations

General

Atomic Structure

Solutions, Liquids, Gases

Equilibrium

Thermochemistry

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